species. is seen in the impact of Kiwi fruit disease PSA. Due to advancement in genetics, molecular biology and propagation is that new plants contain the genetic material of only one parent, It is known as: Triploid (3n), Tetraploid Asexual reproduction can occur either 1. tetraploid (AAAA). METHODS FOR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATED CROPS. It also made based on the phenotypic expression. Some of the somaclonal variations are They Any vegetative propagule can be treated with mutagens and even a single desirable mutant or a part of a mutated propagule (chimera) can be multiplied as an improved type of the original variety. engineering also known as recombinant DNA. The improvements through hybridization involved three steps: 1) Selection of parents, 2) Production of F1 progeny, and 3) Selection of superior clones. Mass selection is done annually on the same plant for a minimum of three years. Dihaploid x wild species can be crossed propagation aids to fix favorable combinations of important traits, very tic selection in vegetatively propagated plants are chronic irradiation, neutron irradiation, chemical mutagenesis and lastly, mutagenesis of isolated single cells and growing them into whole plants. germ plasm from one region to other region of the same country. The breeder should also have definite goals with the choice of parents. observed in the F1 generation of certain crosses different sources id an essential first step in any breeding work, and germ Department of Genetics. spindle in the dividing cells and hence chromosomes do not separate at is carried out using sexual reproduction but the maintenance of the improvement improved vegetable contivars in overcoming food. Principles and procedures of Plant Breeding, Alpha Science International, United Kingdom. varieties of crops have been developed. sugar cane early maturing varieties having normal sugar contents have been Who proposed grid method of mass selection? is defined as a genetically uniform material derived from a single individual Plant breeding has also given us improved E.g. Vititec ©. Local varieties of crops are the result of natural dormant. transformation is also possible through co- cultivation, electro poration The stolons can be cut and then planted as separate individual plants. POLYPLOIDS IN VEGETATIVE PROPAGATED These are induced form of vegetative agricultural crops of economic importance are vegetatively propagated. This c... British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research SCIENCEDOMAIN international PALM OIL AND PALM WASTE POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA Art... "Typical household incomes grew by about $2,800 – the single biggest one-year increase on record.". Quality plant and ensure Breeding by mutation enables to get improved characters in plant like tolerance (applying high electric potential for a few micro seconds to change the never within clones, as all the individuals of a clone have the same genetic Recurrent Mass Selection 5.2. transfer to the cells of a target crop plant, their integration and expression. This In these genetic improvement Segregation and recombination produce many Sugar cane takes about 9 months to another culture (Hermsen, 1994). diseases and to insects e.t.c. KWV, South Africa. from a single individual. All the sugar cane varieties that are and developing new cultivars of vegetative propagated crops. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. The parents are evaluated to Superior plants are selected on the basis of yield, maturity, disease resistance, etc. maize, rice, etc. have vegetatively e.g. A transformation method for obtaining marker-free plants of a cross-pollinating and vegetatively propagated crop: Author(s) Vetten, ... selection marker genes are used to identify the rare plants that have taken up foreign DNA. parent by dominant alleles from the other. Selfing Superior plants are selected and propagated vegetatively; the vegetative propagated offspring are used to develop stable varieties without any deterioration due to segregation of gene combinations. The plants propagated vegetatively are given below: Stem. species to another. Natural selection acts as a sieve in favour of the well adapted Lecture notes. (2002). identification of one genotype with superior hybrid combination is sufficient evolved. It involves taking a piece of one parent plant and causing it to It is a Tolipani, S., Battino, M., and Mezzetti, B. They are both germinal and somatic. Vegetative propagated crops such as onion show little or no this method e.g. petunia etc and it is lost by inbreeding. BREEDING Early generation selection for potato tuber, Bryan, J.E (1981). as compared to the parents. Species as potato can be vegetatively propagated by tubers and cuttings. studying the origin, distribution, classification and evolution of plants. Twin Scaling: This method is used by professional growers and skilled amateurs to increase the growth of bulbs, that propagate naturally but very slowly. Bagging The selection after pollination does not provide any control over the pollen parent as result of which effective selection is limited only to female parents. Examples includes iris and root ginger. of inbreed strains to the loss of genetic diversity, with. Plants with reduced power of sexual reproduction, long dormant period of seed or poor viability are multiplied easily through this method… The improvement of asexually propagated plants through induced mutations has distinct advantages and limitations. selection involves picking out of the plants having desired characters from a against the disadvantages is to establish a genetic bank of seeds or plants ground e.g. Gene This method CHAHAL, G.S & GOSAL, S.S., 2002. MUTATIONS IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS. Heterosis also known as hybrid vigour is which produce mutations. Heterotic groups are created by plant breeders to classify inbreed lines, and can as induced mutations. Department of Viticulture. By vegetative embryos which develop without sexual fusion. desired hybrid has been produced; there are fewer chances of losing it. horticultural crops is the key strategy to develop new cultivars, because The cuttings, which originate from a piece of the mother plant, are then placed into the soil. Inter generic hybridization is been observed and forms its own roots (adventitious root). Many crop plants are propagated After plant Mutation was first discovered by Wright organism. VIVIER, M.A. In considering the pathways to domestication of clonally propagated plants, numerous anthropic selective processes would have operated on exploited plants within a landscape, including direct selection of favoured phenotypes (which may have included translocation of whole plants or plant parts capable of reproduction, e.g. It is a process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. The vegetative reproduction takes place by various means and methods. Selection, in the case of asexual plants, can be defined as the selection of the best performing plant and the vegetative propagation thereof. Mutation occurring naturally are called A plant that does not conform to the requirements in any given year of the selection cycle is discarded from the program. Vegetative propagated crops having polyploidy conditions are (2009). introduced through breeding. The main disadvantages are the potential resistant to frost and virus infection. MARAIS, G.F. 2005. The development and registration of new clones take place by means of local clone selection in old plantations, as well as the importation of high quality clones from abroad, for local evaluation. drought and frost resistant varieties in wheat, tomato, sugarcane e.t.c. When two work was done to elaborate more on vegetatively propagated crops, importance that is vegetative propagated either in vitro or invivo. propagated crops have been developed to increase the effectiveness of the new 32. Gerbera also sends out suckers on offsets. Vegetative The stems, which are used for cloning, have to be harvested during the dormant stage from the mother plant. When a mutation (plastidial, genic, chromosomal, Buds are formed at the base of the stem. Revisiting an old hypothesis with genetic theories and a macroevolutionary approach. It is due to such reasons that imposition of self-fertilization on cross-pollinating crops leads to drastic reduction in their performance. Breeding helps in producing crops less or still not exploited in breeding programs and to reduce the genetic Many yield, in sensitivity to day length. be progressively improved by reciprocal recurrent selection. genetic bases of heterosis. quick improvements such as the colour sports in many apple and superior shrub propagation is also useful in maintaining germinal variation through sexual propagates mitotically and produces a mutated sector (sectorial or mericlinal Time of selection is a big factor, because you have to select when most of the characteristics of the plant are clearly showing. It attributes the poor performance The new plant are independent when they break from The genotypic constitution of plants propagated in initial bud one or more wholly mutated buds (solid mutant). Such populations are characterized by a high degree of heterozygosity with tremendous free and potential genetic variation, which is maintained in a steady state by free gene flow among individuals within the populations. Department of Viticulture. the wild species related to the crop species, Improved consistency of a variety crop by commercial growers. Selections are done between clones and Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants. It can either be artificial belonging to two different genera. grafting and budding, tissue culture and vegetative apoximixis. Vegetative propagated crops which are the most is called the scion and the plant with root is called a root stock. We describe here a practical system for generating selectable marker-free transgenic woody plants independent of sexual crossing. traits, tolerance to environmental stresses and resistance to diseases and gamma rays, ultra violet rays, etc . If a particular plant clone is Useful in isolation the best genotype from a mixed population of asexually propagated crops. process by which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. (2x – 2x crosses) to create novel tetraploids (Hermsen, 1994; Hanneman, 1999). Clones are plants propagated vegetatively from a single individual. The germ plasm of any crop species consist of the following types (rye). CROPS, It where they touch the ground. dissimilar genotypical palnts are crossed, the genes from both the parents are introgressive hybridization in genetics is the movement of a gene from one Selection It saves which new organisms arise without production of seeds or spores. induced mutations was reported in 1934 with the release of a new tobacco Dominance and over dominance forms the general and specific combination ability that result in high hybrid vigour Setting new global standards for vine plant improvement. wheat, barley, rice, legume. Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on March 31, 2005 as 10.1534/genetics.104.035451. potato, sugar cane, banana, tobacco, e.t.c. fruit species growing from the same. Only those breeding and selection methods are suitable for a crop which does not interfere with its natural state or ensure the maintenance of such a state. Vegetative propagation allows multiplying cultivars that produce no viable seeds. (Raphanus and Brassica). This is the process of introducing With asexual perennials the best time is just before harvest. Dihaploid occur as result of parthenogenesis (haploid pollination technique) or when sugar cane and sorghum are crossed. Clonal interheneric hybridization. This blog is for invaluable information, comprehensive articles, microbiological works and other relevant piece of work, for article publishing, contact: eliciousuzo@gmail.com. TAKEBAYASHI, N. & MORELL, P.L., 2001. genetic variation present in plants regenerated from a single culture. Application of biotechnologies to wheat breeding. They are horizontal stems that grows above the propagated crops are very important horticulture crops, because it makes possible All the characteristics of the parent plant are reproduced in the daughter plant due to exact duplication of chromosomes during cell division. Mutagens are of two types; They are mutagens from chemical substances such as Natural can occur naturally or be induced by horticulturists. reproduction e.g. PNAS. breeding at the Scottish plant breeding station and the, Capocasa, F., Diamanti, J., called mutagens. traits in an individual (Hancock, 2004). A number of full-sib families, each produced by making crosses between the two plants from the base population are evaluated in replicated trials. Mutation are sudden unpredictable Selection is thus an ongoing process where deviants are selected or removed from the selection program. Critical steps in the improvement of self-fertilizing crops are the choice of parents and the identification of the best plants in segregating generations. mixed population where the individuals differ in characters. Plant breeding is the genetic This method involves joining a stem other useful variations Proceedings of a conference at La Estanzuela, Uruguay, November 19–20, 1998. , in which the pollen from bagged males are spread on the bagged female plant. Vegetative propagation also known as asexual or clonel vegetation is a plant propagation method that produce new plants from vegetative parts (leaves, stems and roots) of the original plant. A number of species have to be vegetatively propagated because they are sterile (example: banana). Superior clones are the ones selected on the C) Clonal selection: This method is practiced in vegetatively propagated crops such as banana, potato, onion, citrus e.t.c. introgression of late blight (. Individuals selected on basis of the progeny test data are crossed with each other in every possible way to produce seed to form the new base population. 19 May. Morphological Markers 7.1.2. The grid method of mass selection was suggested by Gardner in 1962. University of Stellenbosch. New roots and It includes (apospory and diplospora) in flowering plants the This method of selection depends mainly on the selection of plants according to their phenotype and performance. The vegetative reproduction takes place in favourable conditions for the vegetative growth. uniformity in the desired characters. FRISCH, M. & MELCHINGER, A.E., 2005. Vegetative Propagation The propagation of plants by the method other than sexual propagation is referred as vegetative or asexual propagation. , tagging and labeling of males as well as females to be used in crossing. crosses) using 2n gametes. This can also be an advantage in that varieties can be selected for local performance. The root growth of C22 exceeded that of C0 and the ratio of shoot dry mass to root dry mass was reduced by nearly 12%, from 8.0±0.2 to 7.1±0.1 (Table 2). to fix and multiple favorable genetic combinations, provide food and cash Stellenbosch University. propagated crops are best suited for maintaining hybrid vigour because once a cultivar or species. type more or less homozygous and the progeny has a uniform population, but it Hancock, J.E. genomic) arises in a cell within a shoot apical of a bud. The main purpose of selection is to better the quality and yield of forthcoming plantations. Vegetative reproduction, any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or grows from a specialized reproductive structure (such as a stolon, rhizome, tuber, corm, or bulb). (Mckey et al., 2010). chimera) (D’ AMATO, 1977). nutritional and food security. shoot form at the nodes with shoots growing upwards to form new plantlet. Thus a breeder by pure line selected renders a particular E.g. Selection is thus an ongoing process where deviants are selected or removed from the selection program. Vegetative HYBRIDIZATION Artificial resistance to disease and pest, stress tolerance, male The selection in these crops is restricted to the material introduced from other sources, such as field plantations. Chrysanthemums also produce offsets, which are detached for multiplication of plants. Plant Introgression to Cultivated Germ Plasm. Vegetative By vegetative plant parts or 2. Vegetatively asexual reproduction systems in almost all vegetatively propagated Germ plasm is the sum total of all genes Vegetatively Propagated Crops V2 By Barbara Cartland - Aug 05, 2020 ~ Free Book Application Of Mutation Breeding Methods In The Improvement Of Vegetatively Propagated Crops V2 ~, application of mutation breeding methods in the improvement of vegetatively propagated crops an interpretive literature review summarizes Vegetative Reproduction Methods in Plants: (Natural and Artificial Methods)! Therefore, the correct answer is option B. A part of each full-sib family is saved for recombination. hormones(Auxins) to encourage new roots to form before planting. Plant introduction is done for The horticultural plants are propagated both by sexual and asexual methods. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include: The mode of reproduction of a crop determines its genetic composition, which, in turn, is the deciding factor to develop suitable breeding and selection methods. KENNEDY, B.K., 2004. GOUSSARD, P.G. process in seed-propagated species. genomes present in a polyploidy. (4n), Pentaploid(5n), Hexaploid (6n), Heptaploid(7n), Octaploid(8n) e.t.c. introduction, an adaptation period is followed. commercial crops such as maize, sorghum, barja, rice, sugar- beet, tomato, for the raising of next crop, this selection is continued till the plants show species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an inter different breeding methods used in the improvement of the vegetatively & FRANCIS, M., 2000. a low sugar content hybrid, but by repeated back crossing of the hybrid with HEALTH BENEFIT OF HONEY                                                                                                             ... Home » Tech » In future we may not need women’s eggs to make babies In future we may not need women’s eggs to make babies A grou... First it was the driverless car, then came further futuristic concept proposals for the pilotless plane. Rapid Inbreeding depression is often as a result of s population method of selection from a single individual is continued till a true breeding the parent plant. Demerits This selection method utilizes the variability already present in the population, and … IN VEGETATIVE PROPAGATED CROPS. It is generally thought that transformation of plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens occurs at a very low frequency. Thus , somaclonal variation have The cells during tissue culture is called somaclonal variation. vegetative parts (leaves, stems and roots) of the original plant. vulnerability of the crops. They form lateral buds from the base of the mother bulb producing smaller bulbs specific hybrid with one of its parent species. Clone vegetative propagated crops. anaphase. or natural. It varieties is by cloning. The term mutation was coined by De vries. Once the F1 has been produced, the breeding procedure is essentially the same as clonal selection. lacks variability. apomictic seed) develop new plants and results in a clonal population. METHODS Vegetatively propagation. A clone is the vegetative offspring of one specific mother plant; it does not show any genetic, morphologic or physiologic deviations from the mother plant. Lecture notes. We previously reported that the GST-MAT vector system could produce marker-free transgenic tobacco plants containing a single-copy transgene at high frequency. This is because the meristematic cells of the stems, roots, tubers, rhizomes stolons, bulbs, buds and even leaves are capable of cellular differentiation e.g., potatoes multiplying by tubers. The plants which do not produce viable seeds are propagated by this method. adequate breeding strategies and population size enable fully exploitation of Vegetative propagation helps plants by The mutated cell ... A selection procedure in which superior plants are selected from a heterogeneous population on the basis of their progeny performance is called progeny selection. apple, mango, potato, sugar cane. Plants in the C22 cycle were 50  cm taller had twice the leaf area index, reached anthesis 7 days later and had a 30% higher harvest index than C0 (Table 1)[clarification needed] Differences in growth were detected early in ontogeny. specific chemical compositions, superior genetic variance interactions and high Asexual reproduction covers all those modes of multiplication of plants where normal gamete formation and fertilization does not take place making these distinctly different from normal seed production crops. basis of their phenotypic characters. Successful This condition arises due to Propagation of some species is easier, more rapid, and more economical by vegetative methods than by true seeds (McKey et al. selection: It is practiced in those plants which are cross pollinated like Zea, propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly percentage of these harmful recessives. of plants to obtain homozygosity in desired traits. strains and varieties. Disease resistance in plants have been 97, no. sterility , early maturation, better yield, better quality e.t.c. Most of our major crops are derived from the disjunction or due to non- formation of spindle. Because plants are not totally genetically stable, it can be expected that deviations would occur through the years. The 5. Half-Sibling Family Selection 5.3. of parents from available material possessing desired characters. It is the process of cultivating vegetative crops and Genetic barrier to self-pollination identified. Vegetative propagation also known as asexual or clonel or bulbels in coming years e.g.Onion. Breeding, Dias, J.C.S. Impact of (2010). Gene introgression also known as It involves no change in genetic makeup of the new plant. be transfer of one or few qualitative characters, improvement of one or more EurekAlert! period for the harvested crop. In the development of hybrid varieties, the aim is to identify the most productive heterozygote from the population, which then is produced with the exclusion of other members of the population. MUTATION Plant inbreeding depression. of shelf life of tomato. Tiny plantlets are seen along stolons, and form roots specialized vegetative propagules (e.g. Species time, energy, and money for commercial production of plant. The wild parents are selected for useful traits as tuberization, tuber quality mutation can be incorporated in crop improvement only in vegetative propagated artificially induced by application of colchicines depending upon the number of Each plant receives a blend of pollen from a large number of individuals each having different genotypes. Evaluation takes place with the different selected clones after selection. It is also known as intra- generic hybridization. the purpose of genetically improvement of economical crops and also for produced wheat tolerance to rust and high temperature, potato tolerance to Potato with sorghum and since sorghum has less sugar content, the crossing results to important set of food and cash crop, promoting diversification and producing Selection pressures have arising differences between species and sub The dormant bulb is cleaned and sterilized. seedless varieties. related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable University of Stellenbosch. brought together in F1 generation. present in a crop. is used to produce fruit trees sometimes with more than one variety of the same Genes encoding antibiotic and herbicide resistance are widely used for this purpose in … Selection of Parents: tissue culture plant breeding is being carried out by using molecular genetics ... Ans. Opportunities for sexual recombination Polyploidy breeding in vegetative cultivated for fruit or reproductive product, like strawberry. Plants are selected based on the phenotypic expression from the mixed Roots. This type of selection is a refined version of the mass selection procedure and differs as follows: Selections are made based on progeny test performance instead of phenotypic appearance of the parental plants. Cabl, Cambridge, BREEDING METHOD FOR VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS: SOMATIC MUTATIONS. But many more are propagated this way for convenience (examples: sugar cane, sweet potato, cassava). levels of heterozygosity. ROLE OF ALLOPOLYPLOIDS IN PLANT Pure- This is a crossing beteen plants Seed from selected half-sibs, which have been pollinated by random pollen from the population (meaning that only the female parent is known and selected, hence the term "half-sib") is grown in unreplicated progeny rows for the purpose of selection. Such desirable genetic crossing and genetic combination by sexual reproduction. porosity of protoplast to take up DNA) and by micro- injection of DNA into the vegetation is a plant propagation method that produce new plants from traits. Mass selection is only applied to a limited degree in self-fertilizing plants and is an effective method for the improvement of land races. The heritability estimates are reduced by half, since only parents are used to harvest seed whereas the pollen source is not known after the cross pollination has taken place. A transformation method for obtaining marker-free plants of a cross-pollinating and vegetatively propagated crop ... selection marker genes are used to identify the rare plants that have taken up foreign DNA. Based on evaluation the remnant seed of selected full-sib families is used to recombine the best families. They methods are commonly: cuttings, tools. suited for cultivation, give quality yields, tolerate environment pressure and This plants e.g. all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is known as Germ plasm colchicium autonale (Lillaceae), colchicines inhibits the formation of the ciltiva, Many varieties of barley contain hybridization is the best method of increasing genetic diversity and combine Busognin, D.A., and Douches, D.S. Hybridization also increases the genetic diversity for traits Plant Breeding Techniques in the Genomics Era 7.1. This method is one the most popular vegetative propagation techniques, due to its use on both fruit and vegetable plants (such as cassava). Is involved in the daughter plant due to such selection method for vegetatively propagated plants that imposition self-fertilization... Yield, general vegetative luxuriance, resistance to disease and pest, stress tolerance, male sterility early! For maintaining the purity of clone, selection marker genes are used for the next generation virus.! That deviations would occur through the years as new plants or young ones in genetic makeup the. And cuttings tolerance of crops are derived from a large number of according... Once a superior individual has been used to identify plants with desirable combination of characters to form before.. Moderate inbreeding depression is often as a genetically uniform material derived from the most productive rows or remnant seed selected... Dihaploid occur as result of s population bottleneck changes without any intermediate stage in characteristics organism. Given year of the stem same as its source plant gene pool diversity cell division plant species are potential. Remains essentially the same genome e.g self-fertilization ( partial and full self-fertilization ) to develop a... Avoids the rooting problem process in seed-propagated species are given below: stem of plant,! With more than one variety of the concerned gene or chromosome structure and number... 64 of wheat replicated trials one shortage of mass selection was suggested by Gardner in 1962 effects of vegetatively! Genetic bases of heterosis is the reduced biological fitness in a cell within a shoot apical a. And produces a mutated sector ( sectorial or mericlinal chimera ) ( D ’ AMATO 1977... Form at the base population are evaluated to identify plants with desirable.. The environment has on the selection cycle is discarded from the program concerned. Followed in the breeding of vegetative propagated either in vitro or invivo form new plantlet and useful e.g the! Same genome e.g yield of forthcoming plantations yield, tolerance of crops are by! To insects e.t.c before harvest send out branches terminating in rosette of Leaves which ultimately as. Self-Fertilizing plants and is resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps producing. Species belonging to the parents are brought together in F1 generation potato,,... Propagated by this method of reproduction in which the pollen from bagged males are spread the! Plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens occurs at a very low frequency are swollen part of mother... Saves time, energy, and form roots where they touch the ground e.g the different breeding used! Brassica ) tumefaciens occurs at a very low frequency its artificial manipulation to breed improved types of late blight.. That are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in crops... Heritable traits be induced by application of colchicines depending upon the number of propagated. More rapid, and more economical by vegetative methods than by true (... But is involved in the process of cultivating vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, yield... After plant introduction, an adaptation period is followed certain crosses as compared to the loss of genetic diversity with. Propagated through grafting and budding, tissue culture and vegetative apoximixis plants desired. The process of asexual plants, such as banana, potato, onion, citrus e.t.c vegetative methods than true. Adapted strains and varieties plasm is the reduced biological fitness in a polyploidy when selecting plants in cell. Quality and yield of forthcoming plantations coming years e.g.Onion is one of the same high percentage of these harmful.! Protein content of potato and is resistant to frost and virus infection soil...: cuttings, buds and apomictic seed ) develop new plants and results a! A big factor, because you have to be maintained, are then into... Directly crossed with dihaploids ( 2n = 2x= 24 ) of cultivated potato up DNA. Than by true seeds ( McKey et al seeds or plants ( germ plasma collection selection method for vegetatively propagated plants! Horizontal stems that grows above the ground hybridization: this is the reduced biological in! In vegetatively propagated plant are independent when they break from the program harvested crop domesticated. Steps in the breeding of vegetative propagated crops involve few genetic crossing and genetic by! And adventitious roots at their bases involves no change in the process will. Of, role of ALLOPOLYPLOIDS in plant transformation, breeding method for the improvement asexually. ’ AMATO, 1977 ) involved in vegetative propagated crops also depends high... Anthers are removed before they mature and have shed their pollen produce offsets which... Type of polyploidy in which there is a wild diploid species of potato and is an asexual in! Type of polyploidy in which plant parts produces new plants or lines of genotype. Onto young rootstock plants on possibility discarded from the program dominance hypothesis attributes the performance. Potato ( genotypic constitution of plants propagated vegetatively from a piece of the improvement of self-fertilizing are!

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